Urban land covers are projected to increase in the lower 48 states by 73% to 98% (to between 10% and 12% of land area versus less than 6% in 1997) by 2050, using low versus high growth assumptions, respectively. Today, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) released the latest edition of the National Land Cover Database (NLCD) for the U.S. – the most comprehensive land cover database that the USGS has ever produced. | Detail ↩, Niyogi, D., P. Pyle, M. Lei, S. P. Arya, C. M. Kishtawal, M. Shepherd, F. Chen, and B. Wolfe, 2011: Urban modification of thunderstorms: An observational storm climatology and model case study for the Indianapolis urban region. The slowest rate of increase is in the Northeast region, because of the high level of existing development and relatively low rates of population growth, and the highest rate is in the Northwest. Urban and Rural Population: 1900 to 1990, 2010 Census Urban and Rural Classification and Urban Area Criteria, Forecasts of County-Level Land Uses under Three Future Scenarios: A Technical Document Supporting the Forest Service 2010 RPA Assessment. | Detail ↩, Mahmood, R., K. G. Hubbard, R. D. Leeper, and S. A. URL 41 pp., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC. A., R. DeFries, G. P. Asner, C. Barford, G. Bonan, S. R. Carpenter, S. F. Chapin, III, M. T. Coe, G. C. Daily, H. K. Gibbs, J. H. Helkowski, T. Holloway, E. A. Howard, C. J. Kucharik, C. Monfreda, J. U.S. Geological Survey, Allison Thomson, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. URL URL Journal of Climate, 14, 2430-2442, doi:10.1175/1520-0442(2001)0142.0.CO;2. Adaptation options (those aimed at coping with the effects of climate change) include varying the local mix of vegetation and concrete to reduce heat in cities or elevating homes to reduce exposure to sea level rise or flooding. A., G. Xian, S. Jin, J. Five singles were released from Permission to Land: "Get Your Hands off My Woman", "Growing on Me", "I Believe in a Thing Called Love", "Christmas Time (Don't Let the Bells End)" (which only appears on the G… 12: Indigenous Peoples). | Detail ↩, Westerling, A. L., H. G. Hidalgo, D. R. Cayan, and T. W. Swetnam, 2006: Warming and earlier spring increase western U.S. forest wildfire activity. | Detail ↩, Jones, C. Adaire, C. J. Nickerson, and N. Cavallaro, 2013: Ch. Overall, setting aside emissions due to burning fossil fuels, in the U.S. and the rest of North America, land cover takes up more carbon than it releases. A team of more than 300 experts guided by a 60-member Federal Advisory Committee produced the report, which was extensively reviewed by the public and experts, including federal agencies and a panel of the National Academy of Sciences. In particular, low-density housing developments (suburban and exurban areas), which are not well-represented in commonly used satellite measurements, have rapidly expanded throughout the U.S. over the last 60 years or so.7,8,9 Based on Census data, areas settled at suburban and exurban densities (1 house per 1 to 40 acres on average) cover more than 15 times the land area settled at urban densities (1 house per acre or less) and covered five times more land area in 2000 than in 1950.7, Figure 13.1: Download Now. | Detail ↩, Shepherd, J. M., H. Pierce, and A. J. Negri, 2002: Rainfall modification by major urban areas: Observations from spaceborne rain radar on the TRMM satellite. Figure 13.4: A recent study by the EPA14 provides relevant projections of housing density and impervious surface under alternative scenarios of climate change. Land-use decision processes are influenced not only by the biophysical environment, but also by markets, laws, technology, politics, perceptions, and culture. | Detail ↩, Sorooshian, S., J. Li, K. Hsu, and X. Gao, 2011: How significant is the impact of irrigation on the local hydroclimate in California’s Central Valley? ), medium consensus, Suggestive evidence (a few sources, limited consistency, models incomplete, methods emerging, etc. Geography Compass, 1, 1227-1251, doi:10.1111/j.1749-8198.2007.00063.x. The key message is supported by well-understood aspects of land-use planning and management, including the legal roles of government and citizens and management practices such as zoning and taxation. | Detail ↩, Harding, K. J., and P. K. Snyder, 2012: Modeling the atmospheric response to irrigation in the Great Plains. Circa-2001 land-cover statistics for the National Climate Assessment regions of the United States based on the National Land Cover Dataset,1 and overall United States land-use statistics—circa 2007.2 For example, irrigation in California has been found to reduce daily maximum temperatures by up to 9°F. Using the FOREcasting SCEnarios of Land-use Change (FORE-SCE) modeling framework provides spatially explicit projections of future land-use and land-cover change. Non-mechanical disturbances are caused by fire, wind, floods, animals, and other similar phenomena. ), high consensus, Moderate evidence (several sources, some consistency, methods vary and/or documentation limited, etc. Potential soil loss (Mg pixel −1 year −1) in Bedford, Luton, and Milton Keynes, UK, based on 5 m land use/land cover and digital terrain model versus 25 m land use/land cover and digital terrain model. | Detail ↩, Karl, T. R., B. E. Gleason, M. J. Menne, J. R. McMahon, R. R. Heim, Jr., M. J. Figure 13.2: Projections of Settlement Densities (2010-2050), Figure 13.3: Projected Land Covers (2010-2050), Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island, The effect of irrigation on warm season precipitation in the southern Great Plains, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Berke, P. R., D. R. Godschalk, E. J. Kaiser, and D. A. Rodriguez, Bierwagen, B. G., D. M. Theobald, C. R. Pyke, A. Choate, P. Groth, J. V. Thomas, and P. Morefield, National housing and impervious surface scenarios for integrated climate impact assessments, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Observational evidence for reduction of daily maximum temperature by croplands in the Midwest United States, Empirical evidence for a recent slowdown in irrigation-induced cooling, Brown, D. G., K. M. Johnson, T. R. Loveland, and D. M. Theobald, Rural land-use trends in the conterminous United States, 1950-2000, Ch. 26: Decision Support) and 27 (Ch. Identify yourself as the | Detail ↩, Radeloff, V. C., R. B. Extensive literature – as well as textbooks – documents this understanding, as do models of land surface processes and properties. Land use change can affect local climate. These figures do not indicate the total amount of changes that have occurred, for example when increases in forest cover were offset by decreases in forest cover, and when cropland taken out of production was offset by other land being put into agricultural production. ]. Arnfield, A. J., 2003: Two decades of urban climate research: A review of turbulence, exchanges of energy and water, and the urban heat island. General Technical Report SRS-141. | Detail ↩, Fall, S., N. S. Diffenbaugh, D. Niyogi, R. A. Pielke, Sr, and G. Rochon, 2010: Temperature and equivalent temperature over the United States (1979–2005). Title: Cover Management(C-factor) factor of soil erosion by water at European Scale. A number of examples and field studies are consistent in demonstrating effects of land use and land-cover change on the climate of the United States. The influences of climate on vegetation and soils, and thus on land cover and land use, are relatively well understood, and a number of well-validated mathematical models are used to investigate potential consequences of climate change for ecosystem processes, structure, and function. FOREcasting SCEnarios of Land-use Change (FORE-SCE) modeling framework to provide spatially explicit projections of future land-use and land-cover change. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 68, 1091-1099. For the official version, please refer to the PDF in the downloads section. URL a Land in an altered and often un-vegetated state that, because of disturbances by mechanical means, is in transition from one cover type to another. This has happened as a result of more efficient forest and agricultural management practices, but it is not clear if this rate of uptake can be increased or if it will persist into the future. Some of the projected changes in developed areas will depend on assumptions about changes in household size and how concentrated urban development will be. | Detail ↩, Pielke, Sr., R. A., 2005: Land use and climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 13582-13587, doi:10.1073/pnas.0700144104. Part I: General impacts on precipitation and the energy budget, Hollman, F. W., T. J. Mulder, and J. E. Kallan, Methodology and Assumptions for Population Projections of the United States: 1999 to 2100. 27: Mitigation) treat the related topics of Decision Support and Mitigation, respectively. Global Change Research Program. The California Geographer, 48, 27-59. Science, 310, 1625-1626, doi:10.1126/science.1120529. Part II: The precipitation of irrigated water and changes in precipitation recycling. These patterns affect climate and will be affected by climate change. For example, Congress can declare an area as federally protected wilderness, or local officials can set aside portions of a town for industrial development and create tax benefits for companies to build there. 187 pp., San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission, San Francisco, CA. Fan, A. Robock, M. D. Kustu, and D. Robinson, 2010: Evidence of enhanced precipitation due to irrigation over the Great Plains of the United States. One report described the findings of a three-day workshop held from November 29 to December 1, 2011, in Salt Lake City, in which a number of the chapter authors participated.16 Findings of the workshop provided a review of current issues and topics as well as the availability and quality of relevant data. 7: Forests; Ch.
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